Side frame



M. H. MARTIN Dec. 27, 1932.

SIDE FRAME 2 Shee t s- Sheet Filed March 16. 1929 duQu- M. H. MARTIN Dec. 27, 1932.

SIDE FRAME Filed March 16;

1929 2 Sheets-Sheet l l L llL " Patented Dec. 27, 1932 UNITED STATES PATENT} oFFica MARK H. MARTIN,- OF READING, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR TO BIBDSBORO STEEL FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY, OF TION OF PENNSYLVANIA BIRDSBORO, PENNSYLVANIA, A CORPORA- SIDE FRAME My invention relates to side frames.

The principal object of my invention is ;an improvement in the construction of side frames whereby the latter are greatly strengthened and the deflection. thereof between the bolster columns under the increased loadings now becoming standard practice is reduced to a minimum.

A further object is the provision of a side frame of the character described which is arranged for the reception of spring groupings in excess of the standard A. R. A. nest of four springs and to effectively carry the load imposed thereon, the frame bei-n strengthened in critical localities by a nove disposition of truss structures and reinforcing members, whose specific character and space relations are dependent upon the form of spring groupings.

A further object is to devise a frame which incorporates the foregoing advantages in a manner that effects a marked improvement in the strength characteristic of the member for the weight 'of metal employed and which is susceptible of being readily cast in accordance with sound foundry practice.

A further object is the provision of a cast side frame as above set forthwhich incorporates integral journal boxes having a form of construction which generally strengthens the frame in the region of the junction of the diagonal tension member with the box. preventing a common tendency to fracture at this point; and also operates to enlarge the angle between the opposite end of said member and the adjacent bolster column, with a consequent increased capacity to resist the complicated stresses in this location.

A further object is to devise an integral frame in which the beam length of the roof of the journal box is decreased over standard practice and which also embodiesa novel dust guard arrangement that not only is superior in its functions to present .method s but 'simk plifies and cheapens the foundry cost (if this unit.

Side frames function generally as trusses and comprise a compression and a tension member, the latter in turn including the bottom tie portion between the bolster columns 1929. Serial No. 347,482.

which is therefore subjected to tensile stress, considering the side frame as a unit. In addition, this tie portion operates as a beam in the carriage of the spring load and therefore undergoes tensile and compressive stresses which are local in nature and superimposed on the principal tensile stress in the frame. The result of this condition is that, particularly with the enlarged spring groupings and the attendant increased loadings, the tie portion exhibits a deflection tendency with ensuing fatigue to the metal. g

It is one of the express objects of my invention to rigidify the bottom tie portion of the side frame and to maintain the usual operating clearances. Briefly this result is accomphshed by the utilizatlon of a reinforcing member which is nested within the box seotion of the tie portion and by truss structures which strengthen the box section of the tie portion and the spring plank shelves that extend laterally from the frame. This form of construction lends itself readily to a wide variety of spring groupings without affecting the central thought involved, but is articnlarly useful to'an arrangement in which the ma or portion of the s ring .load' is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the frame.

Associated-with the above frame, which is preferably cast, are integral journal boxes embodying several features which serve to strengthen the side frame. The testing of side frames has disclosed the fact that a common cause of failure is the cracking of the frame at the junction of the bottom web of the diagonal tension member with the vertical shoulder in the box which engages the lug on the journal bearing. The relatively sharp change indirection of the metal as the latter bends to form the roof of the box creates a tendency for the roof to straightenin prolongation of the bottom web of the diagonal member, with the results above noted.

As a solution of this problem, I propose to decrease the beam length of the roof of the box through chamfering the upper edges of the journal box wedge. By so doing, the" web of the diagonal tension member, for its full width, will merge into the box roof at moment of the force operating at this point. 0

In addition to this improvement, the foregoing mode of construction permits an enlargement of the angle between the bolster column and the opposite end of the diagonal tension member.

Certain other modifications have been made in the journal box proper, including a dust guard arrangement which is more effective as a seal than the means usually employed and Which permits a simpler opera tion in the casting of the box. Other improvements and objects will be noted in the following specification, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, and the novel means by which said objects are eifectuated will be definitely pointed out in the claims.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a side elevation of a car truck showing my improved side frame in position thereon.

Fig. 2 is an enlarged longitudinal section through the frame showing the internal itrengthening means in the bottom tie mem- Figs. 3.and 4 are sections along the lines 3-3 and 4-4, respectively, in Fig. 2, as viewed in the directions of the arrows.

Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of the system of loading as applied to one of ghe external trusses on the bottom tie mem- Fig. 6-illustrates an alternative form of external truss to accommodate a different type of spring grouping.

Fig. 7 is an enlarged sectional elevation of one of the journal boxes.

Fig. 8 is a section along the line 8-8 in Fig 7.

ig. 9 is a plan view of the journal box as viewed in the direction of, the arrow 9 in Fig. 7.

Fig. 10 is an end view of the box as viewed in the direction of the arrow 10 in Fig. 8.

Fig. 11 is a section along the line 1111 in Fig. 8.

Fig. 12 is a view looking upwards from the under side of the bottom tie member as the latter appears in Fig. 2.

The numeral 10 represents the side frame which is provided'with the usual compression member 11 and tensionmember 12. Integral journal boxes 13, modified in construction as hereinafter described, are formed at the ends of the frame and enclose the customary journals 14, which carry wheels 15. Bolster columns 16 extend between said members to define a window opening 17 and included between the lower ends of said columns as a portion of the tension member is a bottom tie member 18. Said tie member is generally of box section and includes shelves 1919 which extend laterally therefrom in is guidably mounted within the opening 17 in the usual manner. The arrangement of springs in the grouping 21 may be varied as desired, with corresponding changes in the strengthening means hereinafter described, but in the preferred disposition shown the grouping comprises seven springs arranged in inner, outer and intermediate groups. include-two springs which are disposed above the correspondingly situated shelves 19 and the intermediate group includes three springs aligned along thelongitudinal center line of the frame above the web 28.

Flanges 23 project outwardly from the lower side of the member 18 foina'predetermined length and at points 24 which lie in planes common with the transverse vertical axial planes of the inner and outer springs 21, said flanges bend upwardly towards the lower corners of the opening 17 to form flanges 25 which merge into the shelves 19' and extend around said corners and upwardly along said columns for a predetermined distance as at 26. Ribs 27 also project outwardly from the sides of the member 18 and extend upwardly and vertically from the points 24 to the underside of the shelves 19. There is thus formed on each side of the member 18 a three panel truss in which each shelf 19 forms the compression member. the flanges 25 the tension members. and the ribs 27 the struts, the latter as before noted lying in planes which are common with the transverse vertical axial planes of the springs of the inner and outer groups. In orderto better support the shelves 19 in these regions, the ribs 27 extend almost to the edges of said shelves.

In'order to strengthen the upper web portion 28 between the bolster columns 16, the following instrumentalities are provided. A reinforcing beam 29 of hollow section is positioned within the member 18 and includes side walls 30 which are integrally formed with the web 28 and depend downwardly therefrom for a predetermined distance. The lower side of the member 29 is closed by a web 31 which terminates at points32 within the columns 16 and from these points. the web 31 and side walls 30 merge upwardly to join the web 28 adjacent its junction with the columns 16. the latter web in turn extending beyond said columns and gradually merging into the sidewalls thereof as at Additional strengthening means within the member 18 is furnished bv a plurality of integral trusses comprising flanges 34 Each of the inner and outer groups I which extendinwardly from the side walls of said section and correspond generally with the position of the external flanges 25.. Vertical ribs 35, corresponding in position with the external ribs 27, also project inwardly from the side walls of said section to the side walls 30 of the reinforcing beam 29 and extend from the lower web of said section to the upper web 28. From the foregoing, it will be apparent that the junction of the flanges 34 and ribs 35 will correspond general the external trusses.

The frame ma be lightened, if desired, by holes 36 place in the columns 16 and it is also preferable that strengthening webs 37 be disposed below the flanges 25, merging into the side walls of the member 18.

In Fig. 6 is illustrated a suggested form of modified external truss to suit a different arrangement of spring grouping. The springs are considered as arranged when viewed from the right in Fig. 4, the intermediate group of. three springs bein then disposed along the transverse axis 0 ,the window 0 )enin'g.

. The external truss will then assum'e t e general form as indicated in Fig. 6, in which flanges .38 project outwardly from the side walls of the member 18 and extend upward- 1y, from a point which lies in a plane common with the lower web of said member and also in a plane which is common with the transverse vertical axial plane of the intermediate spring group, towards the lower corners of the window openings, merging into the upper web of the member, or lateral extensions thereof. Ribs 39 also project outwardly from the side walls of the member 18 and extend from the lower junction of the flanges 38 upwardly to the lateral extensions of the member 18.

The tension member 12, exclusive of the bottom tie member 18, is generally of channel section and includes a lower web 40 which, at-a point 41 which is external to the journal box 13 begins to increase in thickness and joins with the roof 42 of said box at a. point which is disposed closer to the vertical axis of the box than is the journal bearing shoulder 43. This manner of construction creates a beveled surface 44 at the upper r ght hand corner of the box and in order to effect a symmetrical casting 'a similar-surface is provided at the upper left hand corner of said box at the junction of-the opposite end of said roof with the adjacent shoulder 43. The usual bearing 45 rides on the journal 14 and is held in positigg by a wedge 46 which difl'ersfro m standard practice only in having the upper edges thereof beveled for accommodating the, beveled surfaces 44 of the box, as indicated by the numeral 47.

At the back of the journal box, a further improvement is effected through inserting the dust guard 48 into the recess 49 which y with the location of the points 24 on opens downwardly. This arrangement may the top of the box which obviously oiiers a convenient passageway for cinders and dust to reach the journal. The mouth of the opening 49 may be strengthened by a flange 50- and ansoil drip 51 may be provided on the inner Wall of the recess 49 below the journal 14, this drip preferably taking the form of a flange.

From the foregoing description, it will be apparent-that my improved side frame is characterized by a number of advantages.

The utilization of the internal and external arrangementof trusses and the reinforcing beam which is nested within the bottom t1e member furnishes a very effective means of strengthening the latter between the bolster vided thev embody the general features disclosed herein.

- As before noted, the extension of the lower web of the tension member to junction with the roof of the box at a point beyond the journal bearing shoulder strengthens the box in a crit cal. locat on and shortens the beam length of the roof. Preferablv. the roof is thickened between the side walls of the comnression member. as shownin Fig. 7. The indentations in the sides hf the box which form the journal bearing shoulders are wid er than usual. permitting the use of larger cores in-the casting operation. it being observed in this connection from Fig. 8 thatthe rear wall of each shoulder lies in substantiallv the same vertical plane. as the rear wall of the com ression member. orat a greater distance from the vert cal center line through said member th n the front wall of each shou der. these di tances being de oted. respe tivelv. hv the le te A. and 'B. Th cast ng' s further facilitated bv the novel dust guard arrangement in that cores are not required in the casting of the hack of the box,

while the guard is more effective for its nri- Y marv purpose than that now emploved. and also by the tapering construction of the back of the box. the width of the top of the box being less than the width thereof through the journal.

While I have shown one set of element and combinations thereof for effectuating my improved side frame, it will be understood that the same are intended for purpose of illustration only and in nowise to restrict the frame to the exact forms and structures 5 shown, for many changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of my invention.

ll claim:

1. A side frame comprising a hollow, bottom tie member, shelves extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the upper side thereof to form a spring plank seat, and ribs and flanges extending outwardly from said member beneath said shelves to form trusses therewith.

2. A side frame comprising a bottom tie member, shelves extending laterally from said member to provide a spring plank seat, and ribs and flanges extending outwardly from said member beneath said shelves to toward the bolster columns of said frame at points between said columns, and ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points.

4. A side frame comprising a bottom tie member, shelves extending laterally from said member to provide a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the lower side thereof and bending upwards towards the bolster 0 columns of said frame at points between said columns, and ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points.

5. A side frame comprising a hollow, bottom tie member, shelves extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the upper side thereof to form a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterally from said member beneath said shelves and bending upwards towards the bolster columns of said frame at points between said columns, and

ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points.

I 6. A side frame comprising a hollow, bottom tie member, shelves extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the upper side thereof to form a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the lower side thereof and bending upwards towards the bolster columns of said frame at points between said columns. and ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points.

7. A side frame comprising a bottom tie nmember, shelves extending laterally from said member to provide a spring plank seat,

flanges extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the lower side thereof, said flanges being of predetermined length columns to partly define a window openingtherewith, shelves extending laterally from said member to provide a spring plank seat,

flanges extending laterally from said member beneath said shelves and bending up- 'wards from points betweenasaid columns to join said shelves adjacent the lower corners of said opening, and ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points.

9. A side frame comprising bolster columns, a bottom tie'member connecting said columns to partly define awindow opening therewith, shelves extending laterally from said member to provide a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the lower side thereof and bendingupwards from points between said columns to join said shelves adj acent the lower corners of said opening, and ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points.

10. The combination of a side frame comprising bolster columns, a bottom tie member connecting said columns to partly, define a window opening therewith, shelves extending laterally from said member toprovide a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterally from said member beneath said shelves and bending upwards from points between said columns to join said shelves adjacent the lower corners of said opening, ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points, and a plurality of truck springs carried by said frame arranged in inner, outer and 1ntermediate groups, the vertical axial plane of said inner and outer groups being common with the vertical planes through said ribs.

11. The combination of a side frame comprising bolster columns, a bottom tie member connecting said columns to partly define a window opening therewith, shelves extending laterally from said member to provide a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the lower side thereof and bending upwards fronr points between said columns to 10m said shelves adjacent the lower corners of said openings, ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points, and a plurality of truck springs carried by said frame arranged in inner, outer and intermediate groups, the vertical axial planes of said 1nher and outer groups being common with the vertical planes through said ribs.

12. A side frame comprising a hollow, bottom tie member having an upper web portion and reinforcing means positioned within said memberhaving spaced side walls depending from said web portion lengthwise of said member.

13. A side frame comprising a-ho1low,bottom tie member having an upper web portion and side walls, and a reinforcing beam positioned within said member and having side walls spaced laterally from the side walls of said member and depending from said web portion.

14. A side frame comprising a hollow, bottom tie member having an upper web portion and a reinforcing beam of hollow section positioned within said member and having side walls depending from said web portion and a web connecting the lower edges of said side walls.

15. A side frame comprising bolster columns, a hollow, bottom tie member having an upper web portion, and a hollow reinforcing beam positioned within said member and depending from said web portion, the lower web of said beam terminating at points between said columns and the side walls of said beam merging upwardly into said web portion adj acent said columns.

16. A side frame comprising a hollow, bottom tie member having an upper web portion, shelves extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the upper.

side thereof to form aspring plank seat, ribs and flanges extending outwardly from said member beneath each of said shelves to form trusses therewith, and'a reinforcin beam positioned within said member and having side walls depending from said web portion.

17. A side frame comprising a hollow, bottom tie member having an upper web portion, shelves extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the upper side thereof to form a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the lower side thereof and bending upward towards the bolster column of said frame at points between said columns, ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points, and a reinforcing beam positioned within said member and having web portion.

18. The combination of a side frame comside walls depending from said prising bolster columns, a bottom tie memally ber connecting said columns, to partly define a window opening therewith, shelves extending laterally from saidmemberima plane common with the upper web thereof to provide a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterfrom said member-in. a plane common with the lower web thereof and bending upwards from points between said columns to ves adjacent the lower corners of said opening, ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points, a reinforcing beam positioned within said member between said columns and having side walls depending from said upper web portion,- and a plurahty of trucksprings carried by said frame arranged in inner, outer and intermediate groups, the vertical axial plane of said inner and outer groups being common with the vertical planes through said ribs and said intermediate group being disposed over said reinforcing beam.

i 19. The combination of a side frame comprising bolster columns, a bottom tie member connecting said columns to partly define a window opening therewith, shelves extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the upper web thereof to provide a spring plank seat, flanges of predetermined length extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the lower webthereof and bending upwards at their ends from .opening, ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points, a reinforcing beam positioned within said member between said columns and having side walls depending from said upper web, and a plurality of truck springs carried by said frame arranged in inner, outer and intermediate groups, the vertical axial planes of said inner and outer groups being common with the vertical planes through said ribs and said intermediate group being disposed over said reinforcing beam.

20. A side frame comprising bilster columns, a bottom tie member of box section having an upper web portion, a pair of ribs progecting inwardly from the side walls of sai member and diverging upwardly from the lower web at points between said columns to terminate at the junction of said upper web with said columns, and a second pair of ribs extending vertically upwards from said journal boxes, each including journal bearing shoulders, the lower. web of sand tension member for its full width extending be ond each of said shoulders to join the mo s of said boxes at points closer to the vertical axes of said boxes than the junction of said shoulders with said lower web.

23. A side .frame comprising a compression member, a tension member and integral journal boxes, each including journal bearing shoulders, the lower web of said tension member beginning to increase in thickness at a point without said boxes and extending beyond each of said shoulders to join the roofs of said boxes at points closer to the vertical axes of said boxes than the junction of said shoulders with said lower web,

24. A side frame comprising a compression member, a tension member, and integral journal boxes, each including ournal bearing shoulders formed in the opposite sides thereof, the rear wall of each of said shoulders being at a greater distance than the front wall from a vertical plane corresponding in position with the central vertical plane of said side frame.

25. A side frame comprising a compression member, a tension member; and integral journal boxes each including journal bearing shoulders formed in the opposite sides thereof, the rear wall of each of said shoulders being substantially in alignment with the rear wall of the compression member. V

26. A side frame comprising a hollow, bottom tie member, shelves extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the upper side thereof to form a spring plank seat, and ribs and flanges extending outwardly from said member beneath said shelves to form trusses therewith, said shelves, flanges and ribs forming, respectively, the compression members, tension members, and struts of said trusses.

27. A side frame comprising bolster columns, a hollow, bottom tie member connecting said columns to 3) define a window opening thermvith, sn= extending laterally from said i a plane common with the upper side to provide spring plank seat, flanges extending laterally from said member ben ath said shelves and bending upwards from points betweei'i said columns to join said shelves adjacent the lower corners of said openings, and ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points.

'28. A side frame comprising bolster columns, a hollow, bottom tie member connecting said columns to partly define a window opening therewith, shelves extending laterally f1 om said member in a plane common with the upper side thereof to form a spring plank seat, flanges extendinglaterally fromsaid member in a plane common with the lower side thereof and bending upwards from points between said columns to join said shelves adjacent the lower corners of said openings, and ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points.

29. The combination of a side frame comprising bolster columns. a hollow, bottom tie member connecting said columns to partly define a window opening therewith, shelves extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the upper side thereof to form a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterally from sald member between said shelves and bending upwards from points between said columns to join said shelves adjacent the lower corners of said openings, ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points, and a plurality of truck springs carried bv said frame arranged in inner, outer and intermediate groups, the vertical axial planes of said inner and outer groups being common with the vertical planes through said ribs.

30. The combination of a side frame comprising bolster columns, a hollow, bottom tie member connecting said columns to partly define a window opening therewith, shelves extending laterally from said member in a plane common with the upper side thereof to provide a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterallv from said member in a plane common with the lower side thereof and bending upwards from points between said columns to join said shelves adjacent the lower corners of said openings, ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points, and a plurality of truck springs carried by said frame arranged in inner, outer and intermediate groups, the vertical axial planes of said inner and outer groups being common with the vertical planes through saidribs.

'31. A side frame comprising a hollow, bottom tie member having an upper web portion, shelves extending laterallv from said member to form a spring plank seat, ribs and flanges extending outwardly from said member beneath each of said shelves to form a truss therewith. and a reinforcing beam poioned within said member.

The combination of a'side frame comprising bolster columns. a bottom tie member connecting said columns to partly define a window opening therewith, shelves extending laterallv from said member in a plane common with the upper web thereof to provide a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterallv from said member in a plane common with the lower web thereof, and bending upwards from points between said columns to join said shelves adjacent the lower corners of said openings, ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points, a reinforcing beam positioned within said member between said columns. and a plurality of truck springs carried bv said frame arranged in inner. outer and intermediategroups, the vertical axial planes of said inner and outer groups being common with the vertical planes'through said ribs and said interme-- diate group being disposed over said reinforcing beam. Y

33. The combination ofirside frame comprising bolster colunij'" ,-a' bottom tie member connecting said columns to partly define a window opening therewith, shelves exte-n ing laterallv from said member in a plane common with the upper web thereof to provide a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterally from said member beneath said shelves and bending upwards from points between said columns to i oin said shelves adjacent the lower corners of said openings, ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points, a reinforcing beam positioned within said member between said columns, anda plurality of truck springs carried by said frame arranged in inner, outer and intermediate groups, the vertical axial planes of said inner and. outer groups being common with the vertical planes through said ribs and said intermediate group being disposed over said reinforcing beam.

34. A side frame comprising bolster'columns, a bottom tie member of box section having an upper web portion, a pair of ribs projecting inwardly from the side walls of said member and diverging upwardly from the lower web at points between said columns to terminate .adjacent the junction of said upper web with said columns, a second pair of ribs extending vertically upwards from said points to said upper web, all of said ribs constituting inner trusses, and a reinforcing beam positioned within said member and connected to saidupper web and ribs.

35. A side frame comprising bolster columns, a bottom tie member of box section having an upper web portion, a pair of ribs projecting inwardly from the side walls of said member and diverging upwardly from the lower web at points between said columns to terminate adjacent the junction of said upper'web with said columns, a second pair of ribs extending vertically upwards from said points to said upper web, all of said ribs constituting inner trusses, and ahollow reinforcing beam positioned within said member with its side walls depending from.

said upper web portion and connected to said section side walls. v

361 A side frame comprising a 'compres sion member, a tension member, and integral journal boxes each including-journal bearing shoulders formed in the'opposite sides thereof, the rear wall of each of said shoulders being substantially in alignment withithe rear wall of thecompression member and at a greater distance than the frgnt wall from a vertical plane,correspondin'g in position with the central vertical plane of'said side frame.

37. A car truck side frame comprising a compression chord, a tension chord, and spaced bolster columns extending vertically between said compression and tens'ion. chords, said tension chord having a central horizontal spring supporting portion including an upper web joined at its ends with said bolster columns, a lower web spaced therefrom, and inclined webs extending from said lower web and being joined with said upper ster'columns, a lowerweb spaced therefrom,

spaced vertical struts extending between said upper and lower webs, and inclined webs ex tending between said upper and lower webs, each inclined web being joined at one end to the upper web in the region of connection of a bolster column therewith and at the other end to thelower web in the region of connection of a vertical strut therewith, each inclined web having spaced portions adjacent said upper web.

39. A car truck side frame comprising a compression chord, a tension chord, and spaced bolster columns extending vertically between said compression and tension chords,

said tension chord having a'central horizontal spring supporting portion including spaced sides, an upper web joined at its ends with said bolster columns and at its sides with said spaced sides, a lower web joined at its sides with said spaced sides, and inclined webs integral with and extending from said lower' web and joining with saidupper web in the region of the connections of said upper web with said bolster columns, said inclined webs being integral at their sides with said spaced sides, and having spaced portions adjacent the connections thereof with said upper web.'

40. A side frame com rising bolster columns, a bottom tie mem er connecting said columns to artly define a window opening therewith, s elves extending laterally from said member to provide a s ring plank seat,

flanges extending late-rally rom said member beneath-said shelves and bending upward from points between said columns to join said shelves, and ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said-points.

41. The combination of aside frame comprising bolster columns, a bottom tie member connecting said columns to partly define a -window opening therewith", shelves extending: laterally from said member to provide a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterally from said member beneath said shelves and bending upward from points between said columns to jqin said shelves, ribs. connecting said shelvesypith said flanges at said points, and a plurality of truck springs car-. ried by said frame arranged in inner, outer and intermediate groups, the vertical axial planes of said inner and outer groups. being common with the vertical planes through said ribs. i

42. A side frame comprising-bolster columns, a hollow bottom tie member having an upper web portion, and a hollow reinforcing beam positioned within said member and depending from said web portion, the lower web of said beam terminating at points ,between said columns 43. The combination of a side frame comprising bolster columns, a bottom tie member connecting said columns to partly define a window opening therewith, shelves extending laterally from said member to provide a spring plank seat, flanges extending laterally from said member beneath said shelves and bending upward from points between said columns to join said shelves, ribs connecting said shelves with said flanges at said points, a reinforcing beam positioned within said member between said columns, and a plurality of truck springs carried by said frame arranged in inner, outer and intermediate groups, the vertical axial planes of said inner and outer groups being common with the vertical planes through said ribs and said intermediate group being disposed over said reinforcing beam.

44. A side frame comprising a hollow, bottom tie member, shelves extending laterally from said member to form a spring plank seat and ribs and flanges extending outwardly from said member beneath said shelves to form trusses therewith, said shelves, flanges and ribs, forming respectively, the compression members tension members and struts of said v mine comprising bolster coloottom tie member of box section mg an upper web portion, a pair of ribs projecting inwardly from the side wallsof said member and diverging upwardly from the lower "web at points between said columns to terminate at said upper web, a second pair of ribs extending vertically upward from said points to said upper web, all of said ribs constituting inner trusses, and a reinforcing beam positioned within said member and connected to said upper web.

46. A side frame comprising a bottom tie member, shelves extending laterally from said member to provide a spring pl'ank seat,

flanges extending laterally from said member beneath said shelves and terminating between .the bolster columns of the frame, diagonal flanges connecting said shelves with said lateral fianges,'and ribs connecting said shelves with said lateral flanges at the points of connection of said diagonal flanges therewith.

In testimony whereof, I afiix my signature.

MARK I-I. MARTIN. 

